Cationic Bitumen Emulsion CSS-1h  is a cationic emulsion. Bitumen emulsions CSS-1h are usually made by passing the mixture of hot bitumen and water phase between a rotating disc, cone or wheel and a stator. In the emulsification process, the hot binder is mechanically separated into minute globules and dispersed in water treated with a small quantity of emulsifying agent. The water is called the continuous phase and the globules of the binder are called the discontinuous phase.by proper selection of an emulsifying agent and other manufacturing controls.

Bitumen emulsion consists of three basic ingredients: bitumen, water, and an emulsifying agent. Based on specifications it may contain other additives, such as stabilizers, coating improvers, anti-strips, or break control agents. It is well known that water and asphalt will not mix, except under carefully controlled conditions using highly specialized equipment and chemical additives.

Cationic bitumen emulsions CSS-1h have a positive charge and hence a direct and very rapid reaction between the emulsion and an aggregate or pavement is possible. The size of the charge or the Zeta potential affects stability, the larger the charge the greater the repulsion, but as the aggregate is negatively charged the higher the zeta potential the more rapid the reaction.
So it is possible to stabilize a cationic emulsion in the same way that makes it a more rapid break. The other mechanism of evaporation is available too but as the emulsion is stabilized this form of break becomes slower. Thus a balance must be struck.After the electrostatic part of the reaction is complete the emulsion will rely on flocculation and coalescence to complete break.
After the break is completed the water must still be completely evaporated for the residual Asphalt to achieve full strength.

Bitumen Emulsion CSS-1h ASTM is designed for use in slurry seals and for cold storable mixtures for patching. They are designed for soil stabilization and also suitable for use with cold recycling. These emulsions are tailor made as per quality of aggregates and local site conditions.

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion CSS-1h Applications

Cationic emulsions may be used at ambient temperatures with aggregates, which need not be completely dry. Emulsions are less hazardous to use in comparing with cutback, and can be applied in a wider range of conditions. Most CSS-1h applications are listed below:

• Biturubber (Rubber)
• Bitumalch (Malching)
• Prepared cold Mixed Asphalt
• Bituprime (Prime Coat)
• Bitucoat (Fog Seal – Seal Coat)

Successful performance of bitumen emulsions requires selecting the proper type and grade for the intended use. Guidelines presented in this chapter should help select the specific grade and type of emulsion to be used.
The first consideration in picking the right type and grade of the emulsion is how the emulsion will be used. Is it for a planned mix (central or mixed-in-place), a recycled mix, or a prime coat application? Is it for some type of surface application, such as a fog seal, slurry seal, micro surfacing, or chip seal? Is it for a maintenance mix? Once this decision is made, other project variables must then be considered. Some other factors that affect the selection are:

• Climatic conditions anticipated during construction. The choice of emulsion grade, the design of mix or treatment, and the selection of construction equipment should be dictated by the conditions at the time of construction.
• Aggregate type, gradation, and availability.
• Contractor or construction equipment availability.
• Geographical location. The hauling distance and, in some cases, water availability are important considerations.
• Traffic control. Can traffic be detoured or only controlled through the work area?
• Environmental considerations.
• Proper application for pavement preservation or pavement distresses.
• Traffic type and volume.

While general guidelines can be given for selecting emulsions, laboratory testing is strongly recommended. There is no substitute for a laboratory evaluation of the emulsion and the aggregate to be used. Different types and quantities of emulsion should be tried with the aggregate to find the best combination for the intended use. An experienced technician can determine the type and grade of the emulsion to be used.
Cationic emulsions are preferred for use with negatively charged siliceous aggregates such as quartz, granite, sandstone and river gravel. In general, Cationic emulsions can be used with a wider range of aggregates, will tolerate greater quantities of moisture, and will break at a lower ambient temperature. The main application areas of Emulsion bitumen are surface dressing, tack coats, prime coat, slurry seal, and cold mixing.

Dust control (SS-1, CS-1, CRS-1)
Tack coat (SS-1, SS-1h, CSS-1, CSS-1h, CRS-1)
Prime coat (SS-1, SS-1h, CSS-1, CSS-1h)
Fog seal (SS-1, CSS-1, MS-1-CMS-2, CRS-1)
Penetration prime (SS-1)
Cold mix asphalt, Mulching, Asphalt Sealers (CSS-1)
Chip seal, single, or multiple treatments (RS-1, RS-2, HFMS-1, HFMS-2, HFRS-2, CRS-2, and CRS-2P)
Sand seal (SS-1, SS-1h, CSS-1, CSS-1h, CMS-2s, CRS-1, CRS-2)
Slurry seal (SS-1h, CSS-1h, CSS-1Hp)
Sandwich seal, cape seal, chip seal (CR-2)
Micro surfacing (CQS-1h)
Structural and surface plant mixture (SS-1, SS-1h, HFMS-2s, CSS-1, CSS-1h,)
Stockpiled patching mixture (HFMS-2s, CMS-2s)
In-place road mixing (SS-1, SS-1h, HFMS-2s, HFMS-2, HFMS-2h CMS-2, CMS-2h, CSS-1, CSS-1h)
Crack filler, joint coating (RS-2, HFMS-2h, MS-2, CMS-2h, CRS-2P)
Asphalt sealers, Immediate Maintenance, Stockpile Maintenance Mixes (CMS-2)
Immediate Maintenance (CM2, CM2h)

CSS-1h Advantages

• No petroleum solvent required to liquefy
• Little or no hydrocarbon emissions
•Because of low viscosity of the Emulsion as compared to hot applied Bitumen, The Emulsion has a good penetration and spreading capacity.
• In most cases, used with no additional heat. It does not need any pre-heating. Thus results in the case of handling for the user, besides saving in cost.
• The ability to coat damp aggregate
• Can use cold materials at remote sites. Cold application of Bitumen Emulsion ensures safety to the workforce; it is a user-friendly product. Being cold applied the work progresses much faster.
• Wide variety of emulsion types available today
• Economical
• Free from danger ( for fire )
• Environmental
• Harmless for worker health.
• It can use with moisture aggregates. It can be used even with wet aggregates thus enabling users to carry out work during the monsoon also.
• Application temperature is low and does not need heating while storage and transportation period. For this reason, it provides energy saving.
• Emulgators increase adhesion they effect as anti-stripping agent
• It can use in four seasons. Especially it gives a chance application in the rainy region and it extends application period.
• It has a lot of application area and construction methods.
• Bitumen Emulsion does not require petroleum solvent to make them liquid as in cut back and also it is not required to be heated like normal Bitumen. Thus saving imported petroleum oil or firewood.
• Toxic fumes (Hydrocarbon emission) normally emitted from heated bitumen & cutbacks not present when Cationic Bitumen Emulsion is used, as no heating is required for its application.
• Energy saving & control of pollution & safety:
During the last 10-12 yrs., the country was in the quest for alternatives to Hot Mixing technology especially to save our beleaguered environment besides curbing the use of Imported petroleum oil, and our precious forests supplying firewood. Optimum use of Bitumen-emulsions can preserve Petroleum Oil and in turn, save our Environment and Foreign Exchange.

CSS-1h Packing

Packing of bitumen emulsion CSS-1h is in a new thick steel drum on a pallet to prevent any leak inside of container also bulk in bitutainer and tanker.

Cationic Bitumen emulsion CSS-1h Specification

Emulsion Type: Slow-Setting
Grade: CSS-1h
Standard: ASTM D 2397M – 13

Bitumen Emulsion K1-40 is a rapid setting cationic bitumen emulsion is an emulsified asphalt containing minimum 40% bitumen and 60% water. It is a low viscosity emulsion used mainly for tack coating. K1-40 cationic bitumen emulsion is made according to Malaysian Standard MS 1.61 (1994) and British Standard BS 434 Part 1: 1984 Class K1-40. Bitumen emulsion K1-40 is chocolate brown in color and is a free-flowing liquid at ambient temperature.

This product is water-based, ready to use, and conform to the requirements of BS 434: Part 1 and are applied in accordance with BS434:Part 2. In accordance with these standards, this product is denoted by the prefix ‘K’ signifying a cationic emulsion. The ‘1’ signifies a rapid breaking type of emulsion, while the number to the right of the hyphen indicates the bitumen content. Therefore K1-40 denotes rapid break, cationic emulsion with 40% normal bitumen content.

Uses: K1-40 is primarily used as a tack coat, to provide a bond between the existing surface and overlays e.g hot rolled asphalt, macadam, and slurry seals, or between courses in road construction. It serves two purposes in this instance:

1. Minimising the risk of spillage between the two courses.
2. Ensuring that during the laying of the new overlay, pushing and sliding are reduced, resulting in improved compaction.
   K1-40 is also used in mist spraying and concrete curing operations.
   K1-60, because of its higher bitumen content, is generally used for surface dressing, patching, retread, and other similar applications

Applications Of Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K1-40

Laira Group Bitumen Emulsion K1-40 is a cold applied rapid-acting 40% cationic bitumen emulsion. When cured K1-40 forms a thin but uniform film of bitumen on the road surface which gives an adhesive bond between a bituminous overlay and an existing surface. For best results, tack coating is strongly recommended when performing such tasks as overlaying with hot rolled asphalt, macadam or when patching or carrying out inlaid work.

K1-40 adheres exceptionally well, even in damp conditions. The overlay is held securely in place and the entry of water between road pavement courses is hindered. K1-40 may be used as a tack coat in special cases where night construction or high humidity exists.

Tack Coat K1-40 cationic bitumen emulsion can be used at ambient temperature at the spray rate of 0.25 to 0.70 liter per square meter (0.05 to 0.15 gallon per square yard).

All surfaces must be dry and free from dust, oil, grease, fuel spillage, mud, leaves, etc. In hot weather, it may be advisable to dampen the surface with water in order to retard the loss of water from the emulsion as it cures and to ensure better wetting of the surface by the emulsion. It is essential that the surface is free of standing water prior to and during application.

Asphalt Emulsion K1-40 must only be applied in dry, frost-free conditions which will remain throughout the film drying period. Temperatures of between 5°C and 35°C should prevail.
Before application drums should be well rolled to agitate contents before use. Cationic emulsions should be applied by brushing with hand broom or squeegee. Spread in one direction only and avoid scrubbing often. It is more practical to apply by spray as this provides a uniform distribution and even film. Spray equipment should conform to BS3136: Specification for Cold Emulsion Spraying Machines for Roads. Spray evenly to avoid ponding in hollows as this may cause localised “fatting up” of the subsequent courses.

TO ENSURE BEST RESULT

• Use without diluting Bitumen Emulsion with water
• Use at ambient temperature
• Roll the Bitumen Emulsion drums to and fro motion at a distance of minimum 5 meter

Safety and Handling Of Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K1-40

• Contains petroleum distillate; flammable: keep away from open fire, sparks, or other ignition sources; wear protective clothing, gloves, and goggles.
• Fire flammable when wet, flash point 40°C.
• Skin –avoid repeated or prolonged contact, if occurs remove with hand cleaner that removes oil or grease, then clean with soap and water.
• Eyes contact could cause irritation, if contact occurs flush immediately with clean water Inhalation can cause dizziness, move immediately in fresh air if dizzy, and if breathing difficulty persists administer oxygen.

General Precautions

Do not mix with anionic emulsions or with cationic emulsion from other manufacturers as this may cause co-agulation. This is particularly critical when spraying. If changing grade the following procedure should be followed:

1. Drain spraying equipment completely.
2. Flush the machine (including the spray lance) by continuous circulation of kerosene.
3. Pump the waste solution into a waste receptacle and drain completely. Dispose of in accordance with regulations. Breaks in spraying should be accompanied by periodic flushing of the lance with kerosene. At the end of each working period, it is good practice to empty completely the contents of the container, flush with Kerosene by continuous circulation and then drain.

Advantage of Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K1-40

At the following you can find some advantages of this product:

• Environment friendly
• No heating required
• Cost-efficient
• Easy and uniform spray
• Low-temperature curing, fast setting time
• High adhesive properties
• Prevents slippage of structural layers

Packing of Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K1-40

• Bulk as IBC Tank, FlexiTank
• Reconditioned steel drums 220 lit., Net Weight: 200 ± 3 Kg
• New steel drums 220 lit., Net Weight: 200 ± 3 Kg

Bitumen Emulsion K1-60 cationic bitumen emulsion is an emulsified asphalt containing minimum 57 % bitumen. It is a medium viscosity emulsion. Emulsion K1- 60 bitumen emulsion can also be used in grouting. K1-60 cationic bitumen emulsion is made according to KS 02-769: 1990 standard.

Bitumen Emulsion K1-60 are cold applied, liquid bitumen emulsions, used in the construction and repair of pavements, driveways, roads, and highways. In accordance with these standards, This product is denoted by the prefix ‘K’ signifying a cationic emulsion. The ‘1’ signifies a rapid breaking type of emulsion, while the number to the right of the hyphen indicates the bitumen content. Therefore K1-60 denotes rapid break, cationic emulsion with 57% normal bitumen content.

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K1-60 Applications

Bitumen Emulsion K1-60 is primarily used as a tack coat, to provide a bond between the existing surface
and overlays e.g hot rolled asphalt, macadam and slurry seals, or between courses in road construction.

It serves two purposes in this instance:-
1. Minimizing the risk of spillage between the two courses.
2. Ensuring that during laying of the new overlay, pushing and sliding are reduced, resulting in improved compaction.

Bitumen Emulsion K1-60, because of its higher bitumen content, is generally used for surface dressing, patching, retread, and other similar applications.

Treatments and seals:

• Single surface treatment
• Multiple surface treatment
• Sand seal

Penetration macadam

• Small voids

* K1-60 may be used as a tack coat in special cases where night construction or high humidity exists.

Cationic emulsions may be used at ambient temperatures with aggregates, which need not be completely dry. Emulsions are less hazardous to use and can be applied in a wider range of conditions.

Application Conditions of Cationic Emulsion Bitumen K1-60

Emulsion Bitumen K1-60 cationic bitumen emulsion can be used at the ambient temperature at the spray rate of 0.25 to 0.70 litre per square meter (0.05 to 0.15 gallon per square yard).

This grade must only be applied in dry, frost-free conditions which will remain throughout the film drying period. Temperatures of between 5°C and 35°C should prevail.

Before application drums should be well rolled to agitate contents before use. Cationic emulsions should be applied by brushing with hand broom or squeegee. Spread in one direction only and avoid scrubbing often. It is more practical to apply by spray as this provides a uniform distribution and even film. Spray equipment should conform to BS3136: Specification for Cold Emulsion Spraying Machines for Roads.
Spray evenly to avoid pounding in hollows as this may cause localized “fatting up” of the subsequent courses.

Preparation:

All surfaces must be dry and free from dust, oil, grease, fuel spillage, mud, leaves, etc. In hot weather, it may be advisable to dampen the surface with water in order to retard the loss of water from the emulsion as it cures and to ensure better wetting of the surface by the emulsion. It is essential that the surface is free of standing water prior to and during application.

K1-60 Packing

Bitumen Emulsion K1-60 is available in:

• Bulk as IBC Tank, Flexi Tank
• Reconditioned steel drums 200 lit.
• New steel drums 200 lit.

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K1-60 Specfications

Bitumen emulsion consists of three basic ingredients: bitumen, water, and an emulsifying agent. Based on specifications it may contain other additives, such as stabilizers, coating improvers, anti-strips, or break control agents. It is well known that water and asphalt will not mix, except under carefully controlled conditions using highly specialized equipment and chemical additives.

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion CMS-2h  is a  cationic emulsion. Bitumen emulsion CMS-2h are usually made by passing the mixture of hot bitumen and water phase between a rotating disc, cone or wheel and a stator. In the emulsification process, the hot binder is mechanically separated into minute globules and dispersed in water treated with a small quantity of emulsifying agent. The water is called the continuous phase and the globules of the binder are called the discontinuous phase by proper selection of an emulsifying agent and other manufacturing controls.

Cationic bitumen emulsions CMS-2h  have a positive charge and hence a direct and very rapid reaction between the emulsion and an aggregate or pavement is possible. The size of the charge or the Zeta potential affects stability, the larger the charge the greater the repulsion, but as the aggregate is negatively charged the higher the zeta potential the more rapid the reaction.
So it is possible to stabilize a cationic emulsion in the same way that makes it a more rapid break. The other mechanism of evaporation is available too but as the emulsion is stabilized this form of break becomes slower. Thus a balance must be struck. After the electrostatic part of the reaction is complete the emulsion will rely on flocculation and coalescence to complete break.
After the break is completed the water must still be completely evaporated for the residual Asphalt to achieve full strength.

Bitumen Emulsion CMS-2h Applications

Cationic emulsions may be used at ambient temperatures with aggregates, which need not be completely dry. Emulsions are less hazardous to use in comparing with the cutback and can be applied in a wider range of conditions. Most CMS-2h applications are listed below:

• Biturubber (Rubber)
• Bitumalch (Malching)
• Prepared cold Mixed Asphalt
• Bituprime (Prime Coat)
• Bitucoat (Fog Seal – Seal Coat)

Successful performance of bitumen emulsions requires selecting the proper type and grade for the intended use. Guidelines presented in this chapter should help select the specific grade and type of emulsion to be used.
The first consideration in picking the right type and grade of the emulsion is how the emulsion will be used. Is it for a planned mix (central or mixed-in-place), a recycled mix, or a prime coat application? Is it for some type of surface application, such as a fog seal, slurry seal , micro surfacing, or chip seal? Is it for a maintenance mix? Once this decision is made, other project variables must then be considered. Some other factors that affect the selection are:

• Climatic conditions anticipated during construction. The choice of emulsion grade, the design of mix or treatment, and the selection of construction equipment should be dictated by the conditions at the time of construction.
• Aggregate type, gradation, and availability.
• Contractor or construction equipment availability.
• Geographical location. The hauling distance and, in some cases, water availability are important considerations.

the hauling distance and, in some cases, water availability are important considerations.
• Traffic control. Can traffic be detoured or only controlled through the work area?
• Environmental considerations.
• Proper application for pavement preservation or pavement distresses.
• Traffic type and volume .

While general guidelines can be given for selecting emulsions, laboratory testing is strongly recommended. There is no substitute for a laboratory evaluation of the emulsion and the aggregate to be used. Different types and quantities of emulsion should be tried with the aggregate to find the best combination for the intended use. An experienced technician can determine the type and grade of the emulsion to be used.
Cationic emulsions are preferred for use with negatively charged siliceous aggregates such as quartz, granite, sandstone and river gravel. In general, Cationic emulsions can be used with a wider range of aggregates, will tolerate greater quantities of moisture, and will break at a lower ambient temperature. The main application areas of Emulsion bitumen are surface dressing, tack coats, prime coat, slurry seal, and cold mixing.

Dust control (SS-1, CS-1, CRS-1)
Tack coat (SS-1, SS-1h, CSS-1, CSS-1h, CRS-1)
Prime coat (SS-1, SS-1h, CSS -1, CSS-1h)
Fog seal (SS-1, CSS-1, MS-1-CMS-2, CRS-1)
Penetration prime (SS-1)
Cold mix asphalt, Mulching, Asphalt Sealers (CSS-1)
Chip seal, single, or multiple treatments (RS-1, RS-2, HFMS-1, HFMS-2, HFRS-2, CRS-2, and CRS-2P)
Sand seal (SS-1, SS-1h, CSS -1, CSS-1h, CMS-2s, CRS-1, CRS-2)
Slurry seal (SS-1h, CSS-1h, CSS-1Hp)
Sandwich seal, cape seal, chip seal (CR-2)
Micro surfacing ( CQS-1h)
Structural and surface plant mixture (SS-1, SS-1h, HFMS-2s, CSS-1, CSS-1h,)
Stockpiled patching mixture (HFMS-2s, CMS-2s)
In-place road mixing (SS-1, SS-1h, HFMS-2s, HFMS-2, HFMS-2h CMS-2, CMS-2h, CSS-1, CSS-1h)
Crack filler, joint coating (RS-2 , HFMS-2h, MS-2, CMS-2h, CRS-2P)
Asphalt sealers, Immediate Maintenance, Stockpile Maintenance Mixes (CMS-2)
Immediate Maintenance (CM2, CM2h)

CMS-2h Advantages

• No petroleum solvent required to liquefy
• Little or no hydrocarbon emissions
• Because of low viscosity of the Emulsion as compared to hot applied Bitumen, The Emulsion has a good penetration and spreading capacity.
• In most cases, used with no additional heat. It Does not need any pre-heating. Thus results in the case of handling for the user, besides saving in cost.
• The ability to coat damp aggregate
• Can use cold materials at remote sites. Cold application of Bitumen Emulsion ensures safety to the workforce ; it is a user-friendly product. Being cold applied the work progresses much faster.
• Wide variety of emulsion types available today
• Economical
• Free from danger (for fire)
• Environmental
• Harmless for worker health.
• It can use with moisture aggregates. It can be used even with wet aggregates thus enabling users to carry out work during the monsoon also.
• Application temperature is low and does not need heating while storage and transportation period. For this reason, it provides energy saving.
• Emulgators increase adhesion they effect as anti-stripping agent
• It can use in four seasons. Especially it gives a chance application in the rainy region and it extends application period.
• It has a lot of application area and construction methods.
•  Bitumen Emulsion does not require petroleum solvent to make them liquid as in cut back and also it is not required to be heated like normal Bitumen. Thus saving imported petroleum oil or firewood.
• Toxic fumes (Hydrocarbon emission) normally emitted from heated bitumen & cutbacks not present when Cationic Bitumen Emulsion is used, as no heating is required for its application.
• Energy saving & control of pollution & safety:
During the last 10-12 yrs., the country was in the quest for alternatives to Hot Mixing technology especially to save our beleaguered environment besides curbing the use of Imported petroleum oil, and our precious forests supplying firewood. Optimum use of Bitumen-emulsions can preserve Petroleum Oil and in turn, save our Environment and Foreign Exchange.s application.